TRANSMISSION PROBLEMS

Many problems may occur during the transmission of a radio signal.
Some of the most common problems are described below.
Path Loss
Shadowing
Fading


PATH LOSS
Path loss occurs when the received signal becomes weaker and weaker due to increasing distance between MS and BTS, even if there are no obstacles between the transmitting (Tx) and receiving (Rx) antenna.
The path loss problem seldom leads to a dropped call because before the problem becomes extreme, a new transmission path is established via another BTS.

Shadowing
Shadowing occurs when there are physical obstacles including hills and buildings between the BTS and the MS.
The obstacles create a shadowing effect which can decrease the received signal strength.
When the MS moves, the signal strength fluctuates depending on the obstacles between the MS and BTS
A signal influenced by fading varies in signal strength.
Drops in strength are called fading dips.